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A study of 200 college students (Wolfe & Johnson) examined the extent to which high school grades, SAT scores, and 32 different personality variables could predict students' grades in college. This study found that


A) high self-esteem and competence (good high school grades and high SAT scores) were the best predictors of college grades.
B) a number of the 32 personality variables, such as self-esteem, extroversion, self-control, and openness predicted college grades.
C) high school grades and SAT scores were not good predictors of college grades.
D) high school grades was the top predictor and self-control was the second best predictor of college grades.

E) A) and D)
F) B) and D)

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According to the control theory model of human self-regulation, what determines whether people feel good or bad as they work to achieve their goals?


A) how close or how far away they are from goal achievement
B) whether a goal is easy or hard to achieve
C) the rate of progress towards goal achievement
D) whether they confident or doubtful about succeeding

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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One of the potential advantages of planning for where, when, and how to work on personal goals is that over time goal behaviors may


A) become relatively automatic and routine.
B) require less conscious control which helps conserve our limited self-control resources.
C) become less susceptible to disrupting distractions and temptations.
D) all of the above

E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

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In Wegner's research, the ironic effects of mental control refer to findings that attempts at self-control, such as trying not to think about a white bear,


A) are best achieved when we give up our attempt at self-control.
B) may leave us drained of self-control energies.
C) make it more likely that other unwanted thoughts and desires that are not the focus of our immediate attention will spontaneously arise.
D) often increases rather than decreases the occurrence of the unwanted thoughts or desire that we are trying to suppress.

E) None of the above
F) C) and D)

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According to Little, some people devote their lives to "magnificent obsessions" (very abstract goals) while others are content with "trivial pursuits" (very concrete goals) . Research by Emmons suggests that when people's personal goals are dominated by either abstract or concrete pursuits, they are more likely to suffer distress - either emotional or physical. Emmons believes these goal-related problems occur because


A) Abstract goals are manageable, but not meaningful. Concrete goals are meaningful, but not manageable.
B) Abstract goals are in pie-in-the-sky dreams that are impossible to fulfill. Concrete goals are short-term and do not produce long-term satisfaction.
C) Abstract goals are fuzzy and lack clear standards for monitoring progress and achievement. Concrete goals may reflect a repressive personality that seeks to avoid emotionally charged issues of what is important in life.
D) Both overly abstract or overly concrete goals present the same set of conflicts between people's actual, ideal and ought selves.

E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

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Which of the following help explain why avoidance goals are more difficult to achieve than approach goals? Compared to approach goals, avoidance goals


A) evoke anxiety and self-defensiveness.
B) may reduce feelings of competence and self-esteem.
C) are more likely to feel imposed rather than freely chosen.
D) all of the above

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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A father helping his son with his homework could think about his actions in terms of what he is doing (helping solve homework problems) or why he is doing it (being a helpful parent) . According to action level identification theory, the father will prefer to identify his actions


A) at the higher level of being a helpful parent because this explanation is more self-expressive and self-affirming.
B) at the lower level of helping solve homework problems because the level of action identification needs to match the task at hand.
C) at the lower level during the task to get the job done and at the higher level after the task to enhance the self.
D) at the higher level because the theory states that people have a self- serving bias that affects how behavior is explained.

E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

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Research by Baumeister and his colleagues presented people with tasks that require self-control (like eating vegetables instead of available chocolates) have found that on subsequent self-control tasks people's effectiveness and self-control ability are diminished. Baumeister, et al. argue that these results suggests that


A) people generally have less self-control ability than they believe they do.
B) self control is more a function of temptation than of will-power.
C) commitment is critical to people's ability to resist temptations.
D) self-control is a limited resource like a muscle that tires with repeated use.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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Research by Tice and Baumeister examined differences in performance and stress levels among college students who did or not procrastinate in completing term papers and major class projects. Overall they found that procrastination


A) produces short-term benefits, but longer-term costs.
B) produced no short- or long-term benefits.
C) was related to low self-esteem, incompetence, and conflicted goals about the point of attending college.
D) showed clear gender differences; women were most concerned about the quality of their work, and men just wanted to get it done.

E) C) and D)
F) B) and C)

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In studies examining students' completion of their own projects or those assigned by researchers, and in studies of patients' health-promoting practices, Gollwitzer and his colleagues have consistently found support for the value of what they call


A) goal intentions - desire to achieve a goal.
B) implementation intentions - planning the when, where, and how of a goal's achievement.
C) commitment - strong resolve and determination to achieve a goal.
D) support - enlisting the help of caring others.

E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

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Gollwitzer's distinction between goal intentions and implementation intentions has to do with the difference between


A) desire and a definite plan of action.
B) wishful thinking and marshalling necessary resources.
C) planning before and after the fact.
D) lost and renewed commitment.

E) None of the above
F) A) and D)

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According to Higgin's analysis based on self-discrepancy theory, people with a strong avoidance goal orientation may have had parents who emphasized


A) safety and social obligations that led to the development of an "ought" self-regulatory system.
B) nurturing goals that led to the development of an "ideal" self- regulatory system.
C) punishment for social transgressions that led to a fear of violating social norms.
D) achievement and rule-following that led to a "perfectionist" self- regulatory system.

E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

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Schlenker and his colleagues believe that the major advantages of excuses are that they


A) allow us to maintain our inflated and self-enhancing perception of ourselves.
B) help maintain self-esteem/confidence when we fail, and social harmony in our relationships when honesty might be harmful.
C) get us out of things we don't want to do with a minimum of negative consequences.
D) help us conceal our actual motives and desires, particularly in cases when our motives are self-centered.

E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

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According to Wegner, two processes are involved in mental control: an intentional operating system and an ironic monitoring process. What conditions may disrupt these two systems from working together to control unwanted thoughts, desires, and behaviors?


A) mental relaxation - times of cognitive tranquility where the intentional operating system is effectively shut down
B) mental relaxation - times of cognitive tranquility where the monitoring system catches us off-guard
C) mental load - times of stress and distractions where the monitoring system continues to operate unconsciously but the intentional system is impaired
D) mental load - times of stress and distractions where the intentional system continues to operate but the monitoring system is impaired.

E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

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The control theory model of self-regulation is based on the idea of feedback loops used to control some process relative to a particular reference point. An example would be the way


A) a cars accelerator controls the speed of a car.
B) a thermostat on a home furnace controls house temperature.
C) water seeks its own level.
D) computer software controls what a computer can do.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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B

Schlenker and his colleagues provide a triangular model that describes prescriptive clarity, personal obligation, and personal control. Each of these three concepts describes how people


A) can get away with murder if they have the right excuse.
B) think about how to create a good excuse for a negative event.
C) use deception, lies, and falsehoods to cover up their mistakes and failure to meet social and job obligations.
D) evaluate the legitimacy of an excuse in terms of personal responsibility for a negative event.

E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

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D

A student who wants to do well in a difficult course decides to study for this class in the same place and the same time each day. The advantage of such a plan, according to Gollwitzer, is that it


A) may make studying relatively automatic and controlled by the environmental cues of time and place rather than conscious control and "will power."
B) ensures that the material is understood as it is learned rather than crammed in right before an exam.
C) maintains and strengthens the goal intention of doing well in the class.
D) builds a plan of action for one class that can then be applied to others.

E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

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A

According to self-discrepancy theory, what determines how people feel (e.g., good or disappointed) when they evaluate themselves relative to their own standards?


A) the size of the discrepancy between expectations and actual goal achievement
B) the rate progress they are making in reducing the discrepancy between their current and desired state
C) the degree of success in overcoming the challenges and setbacks involved in achieving important personal goals
D) the magnitude of the discrepancy between their actual, ideal, and ought selves

E) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

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Self-regulation and control have to do with the ________ of goal achievement.


A) "what"
B) "why"
C) "how"
D) "when"

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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The text examples of American GIs who used heroin during their service in the Vietnam War and countries such as France where people drink alcohol on a regularly basis all suggest that


A) exposure is a critical factor in addiction and people's ability to resist temptation.
B) drugs of all kinds are powerfully addictive and need government control to avoid widespread abuse.
C) self-control may have less to do with the power of the temptation and more to do with cultural beliefs about how much control a person should or can exercise.
D) self-control failure and success is heavily dependent on individual "will power" and not much affected by cultural and social factors.

E) All of the above
F) A) and C)

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